Class 12 Notes Urdu Suqraat Notes – Although every effort has been made to adhere to the rules of citation style, there may be some inconsistencies. If you have questions, refer to the appropriate model manual or other resources.
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Class 12 Notes Urdu Suqraat Notes
Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived in Athens BC. A legend in his own time, he impressed his followers with his honesty, self-possession, philosophical philosophies and brilliant debating skills. He was the first Greek philosopher to seriously study ethics. His influence on the later course of ancient philosophy was so great that the cosmologically oriented philosophers before him are traditionally called “Presocratics”.
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Socrates claims that he teaches nothing (indeed he knows nothing), but only seeks answers to human questions (eg, “What is virtue?”, “What is justice?”) and helps others to do the same. His philosophical style was to engage in public discussion about the best human qualities, asking skillful questions and showing that the interlocutors did not know what they were talking about. Despite the negative outcome of these meetings, Socrates held several broadly positive views, including that virtue is a form of knowledge and that the “care of the soul” (the cultivation of virtue) is man’s most important duty.
Socrates did not write anything. All that is known about him derives from the accounts of the members of his circle, especially Plato and Xenophon, and Plato’s disciple Aristotle, who acquired knowledge of Socrates through his teacher. The clearest portrait of Socrates is found in Plato’s dialogues, where most of the main speakers are “Socrates”. However, the opinions expressed by the character are different, and in some dialogues the character expresses the opinion of Plato himself. Scholars still disagree about which dialogues represent the historical Socrates and which use the character as a mouthpiece for Plato’s philosophy.
Socrates was hated in Athens, mainly because he made people look ignorant, stupid, and ashamed. He was also an outspoken critic of the democracy that the Athenians prized and was associated with some members of the Thirty Dictators who briefly overthrew the Athenian democratic government in 100 BC. In 404-403. Because he rejected the gods of the city and respected authority among his young followers (although this was not his intention), he can be blamed and the youth can be said to be guilty of dishonest and depraved crimes. Accordingly, he was found guilty and sentenced to death by poisoning.
Socrates could save himself. Instead of going into voluntary exile, he chose to go to trial. In his own defence, he denied some, but not all, of the allegations, saying “it’s not worth living unexamined”. After his conviction, he could have been offered a reasonable alternative to the death penalty, but initially refused. In the end, he refuses the offer to run away, believing it to be incompatible with his promise to never do anything wrong (running away would disrespect the law and damage the reputation of his family and friends).
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Socrates, (born 470 BCE, Athens [Greece]—died 399 BCE), ancient Greek philosopher whose lifestyle, character, and thought profoundly influenced Western philosophy.
Socrates was a popular and controversial figure in his native Athens, so he was often mocked in plays by comic actors. (
Aristophanes, composed in 423, is the best-known example.) Although Socrates himself wrote nothing, he appears in dialogues with a small circle of his admirers, in the writings of Plato and Xenophon. He is portrayed in these works as a man of great insight, honesty, self-possession and argumentation. The impact of his life was greater because of how it ended: at the age of 70, he was tried for wrongdoing and a jury sentenced him to death by poisoning (the poison was supposed to cause a stroke). citizens. of Plato
It was Socrates’ speech at the trial on the charges brought against him (Gr
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Means “protection”). Its strong advocacy of the examined life and condemnation of Athenian democracy has made it one of the central documents of Western thought and culture.
During Socrates’ lifetime he was the object of satire, but most of the plays about him have disappeared entirely or exist only in fragmentary form.
Is the main exception. Although Socrates is the central character of the play, Aristophanes did not intend to present a balanced and accurate representation of him (which comedy never strives for), but used him to represent a particular intellectual trend in contemporary Athenian linguistics. and the nature, according to Aristophanes, of the amoralism and atheism that accompanied these aspirations. The value of the play as a reliable source of knowledge about Socrates in Plato’s work is increasingly questioned.
, which Socrates himself rejects as a fabrication. This aspect of the trial process is discussed in more detail below.
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Shortly after Socrates’ death, several members of his circle wrote works depicting his most characteristic work, the dialogues, to preserve his memory and praise. In these (often confrontational) exchanges, his interlocutors include chance encounters, loyal followers, political figures and leading thinkers of the day. Many of these “Socratic discourses,” as Aristotle calls them
, not yet available; Only short remains of the dialogues of Antisthenes, Aeschines, Phaedo and Euclid have survived. But the writings of Plato and Xenophon have been completely preserved. Therefore, what we know about Socrates must come primarily from these sources (or, if their portraits coincide). (Plato and Xenophon also wrote separately
, The Trial of Socrates.) However, most scholars do not believe that each of Xenophon’s and Plato’s Socrates speeches were, in some cases, intended to represent the story of an actual Socratic speech. At least what can reasonably be said about these dialogues is the content of the questions Socrates asked, the way he responded to the answers he received, and the general philosophical direction these conversations led to.
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. The first two chapters of Book I of this work are particularly important, as they clearly refute the charges brought against Socrates at his trial; They are therefore valuable additions to Xenophon
, which is entirely for the same purpose. Xenophon’s Portrait of Socrates in Books III and IV
In some passages he seems to have been greatly influenced by reading some of Plato’s dialogues, and the evidentiary value of this part of the work is therefore diminished. Xenophon
It is a depiction of Socrates talking to his friends at a drinking party (which may have been inspired by Plato’s work of the same name and character), and some scholars believe it is a valuable recreation of Socrates’ thought and methods. life. Xenophon
(literally: “steward of property”), Socrates’ discussion of household organization and the skills required for an independent farmer is Xenophon’s attempt to transfer the qualities he admires in Socrates to the issue of controlling one’s own property. It does not seem intended to be an account of one of Socrates’ speeches. Class 12 Urdu Revised Notes as per FBISE Syllabus. Contains solved exercises, review questions, MCQs, important questions and chapter reviews.
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